MANAGING THE EVOLUTION OF HEALTHCARE: INTEGRATING GENETIC ENGINEERING INTO MODERN MEDICINE

Genetic engineering is one of the newest directions of biotechnology, a modern technology based on the modification of genes and their certain properties, silencing some genes or replacing them with new ones. The ideas of giving new properties to living things or increasing their productivity were implemented in ancient times by traditional selection methods. However, discoveries in the field of molecular biology and genetics led to the emergence of a new field called genetic engineering.In the 1990s, the characteristics of the human genome were completed (Human Genome Project), and genetic engineering was no longer aimed at plants and animals, but also at humans and began to play a new key role in the treatment of diseases. Currently, genetic engineering methods are used directly and indirectly in the treatment of widespread diseases such as cancer.As early as 1972, the concept of gene therapy for human diseases was openly put forward by Theodore Friedman and Richard Roblin, who proposed the use of “good” deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to replace defective DNA as a treatment for hereditary diseases.This article will discuss the methods of using genetic engineering in the therapeutic field, gene therapy and the technology of obtaining genetic engineering vaccines - DNA and mRNA. Also, some bioethical laws applied to this field at the global level will be discussed and the attitude towards genetic modification operations will be evaluated.