MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF METABOLIC DYSFUNCTION IN TYPE 2 DIABETES: THE ROLE OF MACRO- AND MICROELEMENTS

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by impaired insulin function and perThis study explores the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic dysfunction in T2DM, emphasizing the and microelements in disease progression. A total of 120 patients were analyzed and categorized into compdecompensated groups. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and various elements such as caphosphorus, sodium, potassium, and zinc were measured. Findings reveal that patients with decompensatedsignificantly altered levels of these elements, suggesting disrupted cellular osmoregulation and impaired insupathways. Specifically, deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and zinc were associated with advadysregulation and complications like nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. The study highlights the impoelectrolyte balance in the clinical management of T2DM and suggests further investigation into targeted micrfor improved metabolic outcomes.