Digitonthophagus gazella

Digitonthophagus gazella (Fabricius, 1787) Fig. 45A Scarabaeus gazella Fabricius, 1787b: 377 (original description). Type locality: Zimbabwe: Manicaland: Mutare: Mutare (formerly, Umtali). Name-bearing type: neotype (ZMUK), designated by ICZN (2020), not examined. Scarabaeus dorcas Olivier, 1789: 121 (original description). Type locality: Madagascar: Diana: Antsiranana (formerly, Diego-Suárez). Name-bearing type: neotype (MNHN), designated by Génier & Moretto (2017), not examined. Scarabaeus gazella – Fabricius 1792: 56 (list, characteristics). Copris gazella – Fabricius 1801: 47 (list). Onthophagus gazella – Dejean 1821: 53 (catalogue). — Blume & Aga 1978: 190‒191 (comments). — Fincher et al. 1983: 159‒162 (distribution). — Nascimento et al. 1990: 1‒5 (cited). — Ripa et al. 1995: 429 (list). — Maes 1998: 654 (list for Nicaragua). — Miranda et al. 1998: 681–685 (contribution). — Koller et al. 1999: 404, 405 (comments). — Larsen et al. 2008: 1294 (list). — Génier & Krell 2017: 78 (nomenclature). Onthophagus (Digitonthophagus) gazella – Zunino 1979: 292 (cited for Saudi Arabia). — Maes et al. 1997: 44 (list for Nicaragua). — Bianchin et al. 1998: 276‒278 (comments). Digitonthophagus gazella – Zunino 1981: 413‒414 (comments). — Barbero & López-Guerrero 1992: 115‒120 (contribution). — Deloya 1992: 2 (list). — Huchet 1992: 300‒302 (cited for Antillas). — Kohlmann 1994: 35‒41 (distribution for Mexico). — Montes de Oca & Halffter 1995: 167 (ecology); 1998: 37‒45 (comments, distribution). — Lobo & Montes de Oca 1997: 17‒32 (comments). — Koller et al. 1999: 405‒407 (list); 2007: 81‒83, 85‒86 (comments, list). — Aidar et al. 2000: 818‒819 (comments). — Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 193 (checklist for Brazil). — Navarrete-Heredia et al. 2001: 56 (list). — Estrada & Coates-Estrada 2002: 1911 (ecology). — Noriega 2002b: 213‒215 (cited for Colombia). — Marchiori et al. 2003: 174‒175 (comments, list). — Noriega et al. 2006: 379‒381 (cited for Colombia); 2007: 82 (list for Colombia); 2010: 451‒456 (cited for Peru); 2011: 35‒40 (revision); 2017: 371 (distribution); 2020: 3 (distribution). — Matavelli & Louzada 2008: 153‒158 (distribution intra-Amazonian). — Vidaurre et al. 2008: 217‒220 (cited for Bolivia). — Álvarez et al. 2009: 373‒376 (cited for Argentina). — Medina & Pulido-Herrera 2009: 61 (diversity). — Lozano 2010: 86 (list). — Arias-Buriticá et al. 2011: 875‒878 (cited). — Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2011b: 88 (list). — Delgado et al. 2012: 327 (list). — Ferrer-Paris 2014: 42, 45 (distribution for Venezuela). — Peck et al. 2014: 43 (diversity). — Silva et al. 2014: 349 (diversity); 2017: 490 (list). — Génier & Moretto 2017: 39 (taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny). — Génier & Davis 2017: 497‒500 (revision). — Génier & Krell 2017: 78‒82 (revision, diagnosis). — Giraldo et al. 2018: 36 (guide). — Hielkema & Hielkema 2019: 89 (catalogue for the Guianas). — Gámez et al. 2021: 46‒50 (distribution). — Nieto et al. 2020: 136 (report). Material examined VENEZUELA ‒ Yaracuy • 1 spec.; Bolívar, Aroa; 10°0′0″ N, 68°0′0″ W; 459 m a.s.l.; 19 Aug. 2009; M. Asmüssen, P. Colmenares and H. Martínez leg.; human faeces; CEMT. ‒ Zulia • 1 spec.; Rosario de Perijá; 20 Jul. 2006; curso NM2006 leg.; faeces, 00:00, 14h; CEMT. Distribution Native to continental Africa. Introduced and naturalized all over the the Americas, in Australia, and on several islands worldwide (Génier & Moretto 2017). Subregions of Venezuela Maracaibo Depression, Plains, System of low mountains and hills Imataca-Cuyuní of Northeast Guiana Shield, Andes mountains, and Central Coast Mountain Range. Literature records Larsen et al. 2008 (Venezuela: Bolívar: Lago Guri). — Lozano 2010: 86 (Venezuela: Zulia). — Noriega et al. 2010: 452 (Venezuela); 2011: 34–36 (Venezuela). — Ferrer-Paris et al. 2013: 109 (Venezuela: Aragua [Guárico]: Altagracia de Orituco and Zulia: Rosario de Perijá). — Ferrer-Paris 2014: 41–46 (Venezuela: Aragua and Zulia). — Génier & Davis 2017 b: 497 (Venezuela). — Génier & Krell 2017: 79 (Venezuela: Ferrer-Paris 2014). — Noriega et al. 2017: 371 (Venezuela: Apure; Bolívar; Cojedes; Guárico; and Táchira); 2020: 3 (Venezuela). — Gámez et al. 2021: 46–50 (Venezuela: Apure; Barinas; Mérida; and Zulia).