Multisensory Integration in Spatial Processing: How Brain Computes Positional Coordinates

Spatial coordinate calculation in the human brain involves the integration of multiple sensory systems, including visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive inputs, each providing essential information about an individual's orientation and movement in space. This process is governed by key brain regions, such as the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and cerebellum, which work in a highly coordinated manner to form spatial maps and control motor function. In this review, we will comprehensively examine how the brain computes spatial coordinates, the interaction of multisensory inputs, and the role of neural circuits like place and grid cells. We further delve into the mechanisms by which these systems contribute to spatial awareness, navigation, and motor coordination.