Exploring Eco-Friendly Materials for the Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete: A Comprehensive Review

This review investigates various eco-friendly materials suitable for partial cement replacement in concrete, highlighting their potential to improve mechanical properties and minimize environmental impact. The materials analyzed encompass industrial by-products such as silica fume, rice husk ash, and fly ash, alongside waste materials like coconut shell ash, eggshell powder, and ceramic powder. Their effectiveness was assessed based on key properties like compressive strength, workability, and durability. Findings suggest that each material provides distinct advantages, influenced by its composition and proportion used. For example, silica fume and metakaolin notably enhance strength and durability, whereas sawdust ash and waste paper pulp contribute to reducing the carbon footprint. This review concludes that incorporating these supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete not only boosts sustainability but also encourages efficient resource use and waste management.