COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF CIRCULATING BIOMARKERS FOR EARLY DETECTION, RISK STRATIFICATION, AND PERSONALIZED MANAGEMENT OF HEART FAILURE ACROSS DIVERSE PATIENT POPULATIONS

Heart failure (HF) is a global health burden with rising prevalence, necessitating innovative diagnostic and management strategies. Circulating biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for early detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment of HF. This paper provides a comprehensive review of key biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides, troponins, galectin-3, ST2, and novel multi-omic markers. We analyze their clinical significance, predictive value across diverse patient populations, and integration into precision medicine. Furthermore, we explore limitations and the future scope of biomarker-driven HF management.