Cubosomes Nanocarrier As Novel Drug Delivery System: A Comprehensive Review

Cubosomes are a unique class of nanoparticles formed from the self-assembly of lipids in water. Essentially, they are soft, isotropic particles with a crystalline internal structure. Lipids like monoolein or phytantriol, when exposed to water, naturally form these cubic structures. To stabilize these nanoparticles, surfactants such as Poloxamers (like F127 and F108) are often employed. The distinctive feature of cubosomes is their internal architecture. A complex network of interconnected water channels is formed within a continuous lipid bilayer, creating a three-dimensional cubic structure. This unique structure allows for the encapsulation of a wide range of molecules, from highly lipophilic to hydrophilic substances. One of the significant advantages of cubosomes is their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The lipids used in their formation, such as monoolein and phytantriol, are naturally occurring substances well-tolerated by the body. This makes cubosomes a promising carrier for drug delivery. Compared to other lipid-based drug delivery systems like liposomes or solid lipid nanoparticles, cubosomes offer several benefits. Their cubic structure provides enhanced stability, leading to slower drug release and improved drug retention. Moreover, the internal architecture of cubosomes prevents drug expulsion to the nanoparticle surface, ensuring controlled and targeted drug delivery. Various methods can be used to prepare cubosomes, including solvent evaporation, ultrasonication, hydrotrope addition, spray drying, and melt dispersion emulsification. These techniques allow for the customization of cubosome properties to suit specific drug delivery applications. In conclusion, cubosomes represent a promising platform for drug delivery. Their unique structure, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate various drug molecules make them a subject of increasing interest in pharmaceutical research.