Nutrient availability and greenhouse gas emissions from bio-based fertilizers under controlled conditions

Sustainable agriculture is essential for addressing global food security and climate change, driving interest towards bio-based fertilizers (BBFs) derived fromorganic waste like fishery waste and by-products. These fertilizers can promote nutrient recycling by transferring nutrients from the fishery industry to agriculture. This study investigates the effects of fishery waste-based BBFs on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and GHG emissions under control conditions. The preliminaryresults highlights the potential of these fertilizing products in achieving spinach yields comparable to that of synthetic fertilizers and presents a holistic view of theirpotential agronomic performance and environmental impact when applied in the field.