Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in Cats with Feline Infectious Peritonitis

Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by mutated feline coronaviruses. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) arises due to immune-mediated erythrocyte destruction and can be non-associative or associative with diseases such as FIP. Records of cats with FIP were reviewed to find those with associative IMHA based on exclusion of other causes of anemia and a positive saline agglutination test and/or Coombs test. The inclusion criteria were met for 45 cats (26 (58%) cats with effusive and 19 (42%) with non-effusive FIP). Median hematocrit was 18% (interquartile range [IQR] 13–20). Anemia was non-regenerative in 36 (80%) cats and regenerative in 5 (11%) cats; 4 (9%) cats had no reticulocyte count available. Concurrent thrombocytopenia was present in 18 (40%) cats. All 45 cats were treated with nucleoside analogs, and 44 (98%) cats with glucocorticoids; in 5 (11%) cats, glucocorticoids were added after starting antiviral treatment due to persistent anemia. Median follow-up was 72 days (IQR 14–246); at the time of last follow-up 33 (73%) cats had survived while 12 (27%) had died or were euthanized. Of the 33 surviving cats, 17 achieved remission of both FIP and IMHA. In three cats, FIP remission was achieved, but IMHA relapsed; in one of these, IMHA relapsed twice. FIP relapsed without IMHA in two cats, and both FIP and IMHA relapsed in one cat. In 9 cats the antiviral and glucocorticoid treatment is still ongoing at the time of the publication. Although FIP is likely an uncommon cause of associative IMHA, as more cats with FIP are treated with antiviral therapy, it is important to consider IMHA as a possible cause of anemia in cats with FIP.