Architectural and compositional techniques for the conservation of ancient fortresses in Europe

Recent cases defensive heritage conservation is considered in countries close to the European part of Russia. These countries are similar to this part of Russia with regard to various factors, including climatic, geographical, historical, and cultural. These cases are the most striking examples of reconstruction and restoration of defensive complexes or their surviving fragments to ensure the conservation of these historically valuable objects. Some of these projects now include a new function implemented using modern structures that are different from the original ones. The study helped identify stylistically different trends and different degrees of transformation of the original historical appearance of the heritage. It is concluded that some of the techniques and methods used in those countries may be applied in Russia, taking into account local traditions, practices and attitudes towards the defensive heritage to ensure the most positive outcome of restoration work.