Mechanism of Interaction between Nanoparticles and the Body: Molecular, Cellular, and Tissular Levels – a review

Nanoparticles (NPs), ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, exhibit unique properties that enable their use in medical applications such as drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapies. Their interactions with biological systems occur at molecular, cellular, and tissue levels, significantly influencing their behavior and efficacy. At the molecular level, NPs form a dynamic protein corona in biological fluids, affecting cellular uptake and biodistribution. NPs also interact with lipids and nucleic acids, impacting membrane integrity and gene delivery. Cellular uptake of NPs involves various endocytic pathways, influencing intracellular trafficking and potential cytotoxicity. Tissue-level interactions determine NP biodistribution, with accumulation in organs like the liver, spleen, and brain posing both therapeutic opportunities and safety concerns. Comprehensive studies on NP safety, biocompatibility, and regulatory guidelines are essential for advancing nanomedicine. This review delves into the mechanisms of these interactions, referencing key studies and highlighting their implications for the development of nanomedicine.