IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising tool in modern regenerative medicine due to their dual ability to modulate immune responses and promote tissue repair. Derived from various adult and perinatal sources, MSCs exhibit multipotent differentiation potential and a unique immunomodulatory profile, making them suitable candidates for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This literature review explores the biological characteristics, isolation methods, and immunosuppressive mechanisms of MSCs, with emphasis on their interactions with immune cells and paracrine signaling through cytokines and extracellular vesicles. Current clinical applications are highlighted, particularly in autoimmune conditions and tissue regeneration, demonstrating therapeutic efficacy in multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and orthopedic injuries. Furthermore, emerging technologies such as genetic modification, 3D cultures, and nanotechnology are discussed as avenues for enhancing MSC therapeutic potential. While challenges remain, including ethical concerns, standardization issues, and safety monitoring, MSCs continue to shape the future of cell-based therapies by offering novel strategies for treating chronic, multifactorial diseases.