Application of Agricultural Industry Wastes in the Dyeing Process of Handwovens

<p>Textile processing industries are one of the major hazardous sources from an ecological point of view that produce large amounts of toxic and dangerous waste containing heavy metals every year. Heavy metal accumulation and contamination in water and soil is a serious problem throughout the world due to their non-biodegradable nature, toxicity, abundant sources, and accumulative behavior in the environment. There is an urgent need to explore biocompatible and safe ways for textile dying industries to use environment benign route. Recently, there has been greater interest in the use of natural products in the dyeing industry due to improving international awareness of waste disposal, water pollution, and the environment. In the present work, Pistacia shell and Amaranth were considered as bio-compatible mordant and dye for the wool dyeing process. The research method is practical in terms of purpose and response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to design experiments and minimize the amount of consumables and production waste. The effects of three main parameters i. e. dyeing time, dye concentration, and citric acid concentration on the color performance of wool yarns were investigated and the optimum conditions were specified. The validity of the model for optimization and prediction of the process with a low number of experiments was established by experimental results (low difference between adjusted correlation coefficient (0.9832) and predicted coefficient value (0.9307)) and also by a high value of model correlation (0.9927). Also, it was found that all independent factors, the quadratic effect of dyeing concentration, and the interaction terms citric acid-dyeing concentration were significant at a confidence level of 95%. The results show that the Pistacia shell used as a bio-mordant can improve the affinity of wool yarns to the dye extract and obtain acceptable dye fastness properties. The use of Pistacia shell as a biodegradable and new sustainable bio-mordant in the dyeing industry resulted not only in increasing dyeing efficiency but also in minimizing the environmental problem of agricultural waste and byproducts. Hence, the proposed novel approach might serve as an excellent and economical replacement for the common metallic mordants and provide a space for new businesses with value-added at no environmental costs.</p>