Quality of interpersonal interactions in e-learning at the higher education: A scoping review

Background: The quantity and quality of interaction are critical elements of perceived interactions. This study aimed to summarize findings on the quality of interpersonal interactions in E-Learning at higher education and suggestions that inform future measurement efforts. Method: The scoping review proposed by Arksey and O'Malley (2005) was used. This approach consists of 5 steps: 1) identifying the research question,2) identifying relevant studies,3) study selection, 4) charting the data, and 5) reporting the results. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science have searched three databases, including manuscripts in English. The search was conducted from 2000 to July 2021. A PCC (population, concept, and context) was used as eligibility criteria and included the most relevant. The present PCC was defined as a population: university students, context: higher education, and Concept: E-learning and Interpersonal Interactions.Results: This review includes twenty-five articles chosen for inclusion. With the thematic analysis, the results of this scoping review are presented in the form of four themes: interaction in the online environment affects learning outcomes, numerous factors affect the interaction of learners in online settings, online interaction and hidden curriculum, and the importance of forming an online learning community.Conclusion: Findings showed that the quality of interpersonal interactions in e-learning seems to be a neglected link in e-learning. Further studies are needed focusing on the quality of interpersonal interactions in e-learning. It is necessary to develop appropriate tools to measure the quality of interpersonal interactions and further evaluate these interactions at the international level.