European guidelines on treatment and supportive measures in chronic neutropenias: A consensus between the European Hematology Association and the EuNet-INNOCHRON COST Action based on a systematic evidence review.

The treatment of chronic neutropenias and control of neutropenia-related infections remain challenging topics for pediatric and adult hematologists. This article aims to fill the gap in the treatment of neutropenias and, in combination with the previously published European guidelines on diagnosis of neutropenias, gives complete and comprehensive guidance on the whole management of patients with neutropenia. In terms of methodology, an Evidence-Based Medicine team produced an evidence synthesis of the literature on the treatment of neutropenias. Then, according to the robustness of the evidence, consensus recommendations were elaborated and voted by an expert's panel from the Cooperation in Science and Technology European Network for the Innovative Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Neutropenias (https://eunet-innochron.eu/) and the Specialized Working Group on Granulocytes and Constitutional Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes of the European Hematology Association. Whenever evidence was not available, recommendations were based on the expert's panel opinion. Consensus-based recommendations are related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor indications and schedule of administration, indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, supportive treatments and measures, and new treatments that have been evolving over the recent years. These guidelines, rather than a numerical correction of the absolute neutrophil count, suggest a holistic, patient-centered approach aiming at optimizing the management of chronic neutropenic patients and offering valuable and practical guidance to the hematologists for their daily clinical practice.