About gemstones

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of gemstones, focusing on their geological formation, exploration, mining practices, and socioeconomic and ethical issues surrounding the industry. Gemstones, such as diamonds, rubies and sapphires, form through various geological processes, including igneous, metamorphic, hydrothermal, and sedimentary mechanisms. For example, diamonds crystallize deep within the mantle of the Earth and are transported to the surface through kimberlite pipes, while rubies and sapphires commonly occur as phenocrysts in metamorphic rocks, as observed in the Chanthaburi and Trat districts of Thailand (Gem Society, 2025).