Yumaism Revisited: Exploring its Religious, Social, and Political Dimensions in Limbuwan

This article discusses the new religious version or thought and style of "Yumaism" that is spreading among the Limbu community of eastern Nepal and Sikkim, India. Traditional Yuma religion is based on nature worship, as well as the worship of spirits and ancestors, and it involves shamans (phedangba/ma, yeba/yuma) who draw from Mandhum (oral religious stories). However, the current form of Yumaism appears to be evolving into a monotheistic and institutional religion, fundamentally differing from earlier beliefs and practices. In particular, the current Yumaist trend of interpreting Yuma Devi as a creator goddess or messenger appears to be similar to Christianity. The situation has raised serious questions about the true nature of religion, external influences, and the identity politics that use this religion in the Limbuwan movement.