Role of organoid research in the biological benefit-dominated diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract carcinoma

Biliary tract carcinoma（BTC） is a highly malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Although radical surgical resection remains the only curative treatment, only 20% of patients are eligible for curative resection. In recent years, comprehensive treatments combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy and targeted therapy, have become a key strategy in the current biological benefit-dominated therapeutic paradigm for BTC. However, the efficacy of these multimodal treatments remains suboptimal and heavily relies on precise individualized drug screening and response evaluation. The emerging tumor organoid technology faithfully recapitulates the histomorphological features and growth behavior of tumors, providing a novel platform for screening tumor-specific biomarkers. By enhancing tumor identification and margin delineation, this approach facilitates precise preoperative staging and optimize surgical planning. Furthermore, drug sensitivity testing based on patient-derived organoids enables personalized treatment strategies, demonstrating significant clinical value in improving comprehensive therapy for BTC.