Understanding Who, When, and Why: A Scoping Review of Risk Determinants for Violence in Emergency Departments

We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from inception to June 2025. English-language studies reporting on risk factors for workplace violence in emergency departments (EDs) were included. This scoping review aimed to synthesize existing evidence on the prevalence of ED violence and to map its risk determinants through the lens of “Who,” “When,” and “Why.”