Evaluating the efficiency, environmental impact, and operator benefits of GPS guidance and autosteer technologies in agricultural field operations

This study evaluated the benefits of GPS guidance and autosteer technologies in agricultural operations through a three-year field experiment conducted at the Smart Bioeconomy Testbed in Central Finland. Adjacent fields were sown either with or without the use of GPS guidance and autosteer, while all other variables were standardized to isolate the impact of the technologies. The movement of the tractor–seeder combination was precisely tracked using RTK GPS with centimetre-level accuracy, and operational parameters were recorded via ISOBUS, supplemented by external measurements of environmental and agronomic factors. Key findings demonstrated that GPS-guided autosteer operations reduced total work time by 9.7% (p < 0.01), primarily due to a 21% (p < 0.01) decrease in overlap and unnecessary movement. This operational efficiency translated into a 20% (p < 0.01) reduction in fuel consumption and a corresponding decrease in CO₂ emissions per hectare. Moreover, GPS-based automation produced more uniform traffic patterns, mitigating localized soil compaction. Operator well-being also improved, with a 10% (p < 0.01) reduction in average heart rate, suggesting reduced physical strain. These benefits were particularly significant in small, irregular fields typical of Finnish agriculture. In conclusion, GPS guidance and autosteer technologies significantly enhance operational efficiency by reducing fuel use, field time, and emissions. These benefits are particularly pronounced in smaller fields, such as those typical in Finland, where improved manoeuvrability yields greater returns. While the technologies contribute positively to operator well-being, individual responses may vary. Further research is needed to assess long-term impacts, explore integration with advanced technologies such as robotics and AI-driven decision support systems, and address the challenges associated with broader adoption.