Integrating human factors into occupational accident investigation: a literature review of methodologies and their applications

Introduction: Accident investigation is essential in safety management, aiming to identify causes and prevent recurrence. Despite various methodologies, gaps remain in information collection and human factors integration. Since data collection is the foundation of investigations, deficiencies can compromise conclusions. This study reviews literature on human factors, focusing on their integration into investigation of occupational accidents. The review explores the nature of human factors and investigation methods that address cognitive, psychological, and organisational dimensions. The study also proposes an integrated investigation flow that combines these methodologies to enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of accident investigations. Methods: A literature review was conducted using academic databases. Keywords included ‘accident investigation’, ‘human factors’, and ‘occupational safety’. Inclusion criteria focused on articles, books, and reports from 1990 to 2025, covering topics of interest and safety-critical industries. Relevant literature was screened and analysed based on its contributions to the research topic. Key investigation methodologies were analysed for their strengths and limitations. Results: The study revealed a multitude of methodologies available, each with its own set of strengths and limitations. HFACS, HEART and FMEA methods were analysed for their potential to systematically integrate human factor. While these methodologies demonstrate significant promise, their implementation remains inconsistent due to challenges related to training, organisational culture, and resource allocation. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the importance of integrating human factors into accident investigation methodologies to enhance workplace safety. While traditional methods remain valuable for their accessibility, systemic approaches are essential for addressing complex sociotechnical systems. Future efforts should prioritize investigator training and promotion of positive organisational culture to mitigate human factor challenges and improve investigative outcomes.