Cluster-based permutation analysis results.

<div><p>We used a data-driven approach to study the electrophysiological correlates of the working memory subprocesses revealed by the reference-back paradigm. In the absence of prior research, we focused on how aging affects the four subprocesses: <i>updating</i>, <i>substitution</i>, <i>gate opening</i>, and <i>gate closing</i>. We conducted our experiment with 24 younger adults (M = 20.17±1.47) and 23 older adults (M = 67.35±4.01). Significant reaction time costs were observed for all four subprocesses, but age-related differences were found only in <i>substitution</i>, which was larger in older than younger adults, indicating it as being the most vulnerable subprocess in aging. Using difference waves, we identified event-related potential components that characterize the subprocesses we studied. Regarding <i>updating</i>: three occipital negativities between 80–180 ms, 300–400 ms, and 400–1,000 ms were observed, with only the latter range showing age group differences. Source analysis showed larger activity differences in the right frontal and temporal areas for younger adults. Regarding <i>substitution</i>: a frontal positivity between 250–600 ms emerged in younger adults, while a posterior positivity between 550–750 ms was found in older adults indicating different underlying processes supported by sLORETA results. Regarding <i>gate opening</i>: three parieto-occipital components were identified: a negativity between 150–250 ms, a positivity between 300–500 ms, and a positivity between 500–700 ms, all showing age-related differences. Regarding <i>gate closing</i>: we found an occipital negativity between 150–300 ms and a frontal positivity between 300–600 ms, neither of which changed between the age groups. From our findings, we conclude that the process of protecting information (<i>gate closing</i>) remains stable with age, despite older adults’ sensitivity to interference. Conversely, we observed age-related differences in <i>gate opening</i>, which may have led to different strategies being used by the two age groups during <i>substitution</i> (the process by which new information is incorporated into working memory), as reflected in the distinct brain activity patterns observed.</p></div>