S1 Raw images -

<div><p>Seed vigor encompasses the germination capacity, ability to form seedlings, and potential for production of seeds, and during storage, the deterioration of seed vigor is an inevitable biological process. However, changes in the microflora of the seed surface and seed vigor under different storage conditions have rarely been studied. In this study, the changes in fungal species on the surface and embryo and their effects of the hybrid maize cultivar Zhengdan958 seeds under different storage conditions were studied. The seed vigor was evaluated according to standard germination, MDA content, respiration rate, ATP content and the integrity of the ATP synthase subunits of seed embryos, with the aim of providing a basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of seed deterioration. The results revealed that at 33% relative humidity (RH), the dominant microflora constituent on the seed surface was <i>Fusarium</i> sp. In the seed embryo, the dominant microflora constituent was <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i>. At 91% RH, the dominant microflora constituent on the seed surface was <i>Aspergillus Jensen</i>. In the seed embryo, the dominant microflora constituent was <i>Penicillium</i> sp. With the increased RH in the storage environment, the seed germination rate decreased by 86.67%. The respiration rate decreased by 0.04 mg·g<sup>-1</sup>·h<sup>-1</sup> after 24 h imbibition. The seed embryo was hardly stained via TTC. The MDA content increased by 0.99 nmol·g<sup>-1</sup>, and the ATP content decreased by 0.33 μmol·g<sup>-1</sup> after 24 h imbibition. The mRNA integrity of ATP synthase α, β, γ and δ subunits, except for ε subunit, in the seed embryo decreased to different degrees. These findings suggest that a change in the microflora is one of the most important factors causing a decrease in or total loss of seed vigor.</p></div>