Relative metabolic cost of muscle function groups at preferred walking speed.

<p>Percentage of the metabolic cost of the ankle dorsiflexors (AD), ankle plantarflexors (AP), knee flexors (KF), knee extensors (KE), hip flexors (HF), hip extensors (HE), hip adductors (HD), hip abductors (HB), hip internal rotators (HI), and hip external rotators (HO) relative to the total energy cost in a gait cycle [%] at preferred walking speed with four simulation workflows: Minimal muscle effort with generic passive force (GEN), with calibrated passive force (PAS), with calibrated passive force and personalized tendon stiffness (TEN), and EMG-informed with calibrated passive force and personalized tendon stiffness (EMG), using six metabolic energy models: Umberger et al. [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref001" target="_blank">1</a>] (UM03), Bhargava et al. [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref002" target="_blank">2</a>] (BH04), Houdijk et al. [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>] (HO04), Lichtwark and Wilson [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>] (LW07), Umberger [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref005" target="_blank">5</a>] (UM10), and Uchida et al. [<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1012411#pcbi.1012411.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>] (UC16).</p> <p>(PDF)</p>