Ethical Dilemmas in the Clinical Application of Medical Artificial Intelligence: From Information Systems to Robotics

This paper analyses the main ethical dilemmas faced by medical artificial intelligence (AI) across different levels of autonomy, from the classical imaging diagnostic information system to intelligent decision-making and independently operating surgical robots. It explores core issues such as privacy leakage caused by data triangulation, distribution of data value, prejudice against rare diseases and vulnerable groups, challenges of medical AI to the role of doctors and reshaping of the doctor-patient relationship, unclear individual benefits of patients, and unclear attribution of responsibilities. In response, it proposes governance strategies including hierarchical management of medical AI based on levels of autonomy; medical ethics theory provides a framework for the systematic development of medical AI; and guiding both doctors and patients through education to correctly understand and use medical AI.