Bronchiolitis: when the conventional alone does not work, let's integrate!

Introduction: Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of lower respiratory infections in infants, particularly those under one year old. Despite decades of extensive research on this condition, current management strategies primarily emphasize supportive care. While these measures are essential, they are inherently limited as they focus solely on the immediate needs of the child without addressing the broader implications of the disease. This creates a significant gap in managing the wider impacts and consequences of Bronchiolitis. Aim: this narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of the psychological, emotional, social, and economic impacts of Bronchiolitis hospitalization on infants, parents, and families, as well as the short- and long-term health consequences for the infant. The ultimate objective is to contribute to the development of family-centered care models that account for the holistic needs of patients and their families. Such an approach allows healthcare providers to go beyond physical treatment, supporting the emotional and psychological well-being of the entire family. The review also seeks to summarize current knowledge, identify emerging trends, and highlight gaps in the existing literature. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO from their inception to the end of August 2024. Studies were selected based on predefined criteria, and data were analyzed using a narrative synthesis approach. Results: The findings indicate that Bronchiolitis significantly impairs the quality of life in infants, particularly in premature infants and those requiring ventilatory support, with persistent effects on feeding, sleep, and behavior lasting long after hospitalization. Parents often experience substantial emotional distress, including anxiety, guilt, depression, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, which can persist beyond their child's discharge. Family dynamics are also profoundly affected, with daily routines disrupted and financial strain emerging as a significant concern. Conclusions: Bronchiolitis hospitalization has profound and lasting effects on both infants, parents, and their families, reaching beyond immediate health issues to encompass significant psychological, emotional, and economic challenges. Addressing these impacts requires a comprehensive, family-centered approach that includes enhanced support services and strengthened communication strategies.