Toxic mechanism and detection methods of tetrodotoxin

\nTetrodotoxin (TTX) was first isolated in the early 20th century and has significant public health implications, especially in areas where puffer fish are consumed, such as Japan. Research on TTX spans multiple disciplines, including toxicology, pharmacology, marine biology, and neurology, and efforts are underway to understand its mechanism of action, ecological roles, and biosynthesis. TTX exerts its toxic effects through selective blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), leading to paralysis and potentially fatal respiratory failure. This research will discuss the toxic mechanism of TTX and analyze the existing detection methods for TTX. Despite advances in detection and diagnostic methods, there is currently no antidote for TTX poisoning and treatment remains adjunctive, and this has also become a development direction for future research. Understanding the ecological significance and potential therapeutic use of TTX is essential to reduce risk and harness its benefits. Continued research is aimed at developing effective treatments and preventive measures against TTX toxicity.\n