Towards scalability for metal halide perovskites photovoltaics

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have gained significant attention in recent years due to the inherent properties of perovskite materials, such as bandgap tunability, high tolerance to defects in the structure, high light absorption, efficient charge transportation, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. Although for a long time the development of PSCs has relied primarily on solution-based coating techniques, the recent advances in the field of PSCs have moved the attention of both researchers and companies toward thermal evaporation (TE) techniques, especially due to the high compatibility of these processes with the industrial production of PSCs. Indeed, TE has many advantages, such as high reproducibility, film uniformity, low material consumption, absence of toxic solvents, and easy scalability of the device. In this review, after a brief overlook of the most popular solution-based PSC fabrication methods, we illustrate the TE technique for small and large areas.