Smart Biopolymer\nScaffolds Based on Hyaluronic Acid\nand Carbonyl Iron Microparticles: 3D Printing, Magneto-Responsive,\nand Cytotoxicity Study

This study deals with utilization of the hyaluronic acid\n(HA) and\ncarbonyl iron (CI) microparticles to fabricate the magneto-responsive\nhydrogel scaffolds that can provide triggered functionality upon application\nof an external magnetic field. The various combinations of the HA\nand CI were investigated from the rheological and viscoelastic point\nof view to clearly show promising behavior in connection to 3D printing.\nFurthermore, the swelling capabilities with water diffusion kinetics\nwere also elucidated. Magneto-responsive performance of bulk hydrogels\nand their noncytotoxic nature were investigated,, and all hydrogels\nshowed cell viability in the range 75–85%. The 3D printing\nof such developed systems was successful, and fundamental characterization\nof the scaffolds morphology (SEM and CT) has been presented. The magnetic\nactivity of the final scaffolds was confirmed at a very low magnetic\nfield strength of 140 kA/m, and such a scaffold also provides very\ngood biocompatibility with NIH/3T3 fibroblasts.