Atomic Structure,Dynamics, Changes in Chemical Bondingand Semiconductor-Metal Transition in Sb₂Se₃: A Remarkable Material for Quantum Networks and Energy Applications

Antimony sesquiselenide has become an outstanding functional material for photovoltaics, energy storage and transformation, memory and photonic applications. Sb₂Se₃ is one of the most successful emerging solar light absorbers and has also been identified as a highly promising ultralow-loss phase-change material (PCM) for next-generation coherent nanophotonic processors, photonic tensor cores, quantum and neuromorphic networks. Unlike benchmark telluride PCMs, Sb₂Se₃ features a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) crystalline structure consisting of (Sb₄ Se₆)_∞ ribbons, lacks the typical PCM chemical bonding, and undergoes an extended semiconductor-metal transition above the melting point. Consequently, the origin of high optical contrast between crystalline (SET) and amorphous (RESET) logic states remains elusive and presents a significant challenge. Using high-energy X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy over a wide temperature range, supported by first-principles simulations and complemented by thermal, optical and electrical measurements, as well as by ¹²¹Sb–Mössbauer spectroscopy, the quasi-1D network of orthorhombic antimony sesquiselenide was found to undergo significant evolution in amorphous and supercooled Sb₂Se₃, leading to lower coordination, shorter interatomic distances and a higher p-electron density on antimony, indicating changes in chemical bonding. The observed novel Sb₂Se₃ nanocrystalline polymorph, characterized by trigonal antimony coordination and more isolated Sb–Se ribbons, could help reduce multiple trapping defect states in the bandgap, which are typical of orthorhombic Sb₂Se₃, thereby enhancing the power-conversion efficiency of photovoltaic devices. Semimetallic and metallic liquid Sb₂Se₃ exhibit a gradual transformation into a denser 2D and/or 3D network with higher antimony coordination. Localized electron states in the pseudogap are becoming extended, leading to an increase in electronic conductivity σ following the relationship σ ∝ <i>N</i>(<i>E</i>_F)². Liquid Sb₂Se₃ also appears to be strongly fragile, with a nonmonotonic change in viscosity and higher atomic mobility in the metallic liquid. These results explain extraordinary functionalities of Sb₂Se₃ for photonic and energy applications.