Impacts of dust storms on agriculture: A synthesis

This paper reviews the various ways in which dust storms affect the agricultural sector. These effects occur during all three phases of the wind erosion system: soil particle entrainment, transport and deposition. The loss of fine soil particles, organic material, nutrients, seeds and fertilizers is the most obvious impact when soil is entrained, commonly resulting in a measurable decline in field crop yields and loss of pasture quality in rangelands. During transport and deposition, the characteristics of dust – chemistry, mineralogy, microorganisms – determine its effects. Saline dust deposition increases soil salinity, with consequent adverse effects on plants. Pathogenic microorganisms in dust can disperse plant and animal diseases, and infect agricultural workers. The emission of large quantities of dust during droughts may create a land–atmosphere feedback that prolongs drought conditions. The effects of dust can be direct and indirect, with immediate short-term effects and chronic long-term consequences. Although many of these impacts have not been well quantified – and some can be positive for farmers and herders – the evidence available indicates they can substantially reduce the productivity of crops, trees, pastures and livestock. The adverse impacts of dust storms are likely to become even more severe in future due to climate change unless appropriate interventions are made.