Environmental impacts caused by fire and explosion accidents in maritime activities: A review

Over the past few years, marine transportation accidents have decreased significantly. Marine transportation accidents are complex events often caused by multiple factors through the interaction of multiple parties. These accidents can cause loss of human life and property and ecological and environmental damage. They could disrupt the balance of the industrial and economic situation. This paper comprehensively reviews Fire and Explosion (F.E.) accidents in maritime activities. The subject is narrated through a brief history and the resulting impact on the surrounding marine ecosystem. Then, the study summarizes the policies and regulations derived from international maritime agencies that have governed prevention and countermeasures. Therefore, preliminary research on enhancing the safety and security of composite-based structures is summarized in this review to highlight protection and prevention programs in the maritime scope. Overall, this study covers the current state of the global maritime industry and the policies and regulations for protection from fire and explosion accidents.