Poly(3-thiophenemalonic\nacid) Modified NiFe Layered\nDouble Hydroxide Electrocatalyst for Stable Seawater Oxidation at\nan Ampere-Scale Current Density

Seawater electrolysis shows potential for sustainable\nhydrogen\nproduction but faces challenges from the high concentration of Cl<sup>–</sup>, which leads to corrosion and performance degradation.\nIn this study, we prepared a NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH)\nnanoarray modified with poly(3-thiophenemalonic acid) (PTPA) on Ni\nfoam (NiFe LDH@PTPA/NF) to enhance alkaline seawater oxidation (ASO).\nPTPA serves as a conductive and protective layer, improving electrical\nconductivity and repelling Cl<sup>–</sup> to increase stability.\nThe electrode demonstrated stable operation at 1000 mA cm<sup>–</sup><sup>2</sup> with low overpotential for 600 h, generating minimal\nchlorine. In situ Raman spectroscopy confirmed that PTPA facilitates\nactive site formation and provides Cl<sup>–</sup> protection,\nwhile inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis\nindicated reduced Ni and Fe leaching. This study highlights the potential\nof conductive polymers to enhance ASO performance and durability.