Degradation Kinetics\nand Mechanism of β‑Cypermethrin\nand 3‑Phenoxybenzoic Acid by <i>Lysinibacillus pakistanensis</i> VF‑2 in Soil Remediation

Pyrethroid pesticide residues have detrimental effects\non soil\necology and crop growth during insecticidal operations in agriculture.\nIn this study, a novel strain <i>Lysinibacillus pakistanensis</i> VF-2 was isolated from long-term pesticide-treated cropland and\nhad a maximum degradation efficiency of 81.66% for synthetic pyrethroid\nβ-cypermethrin (β-CY) under optimized conditions. The\nanalysis of intermediate products revealed that the degradation pathway\nof β-CY mainly involves ester bond hydrolysis, diphenyl ether\ndecomposition, and phthalate ester degradation. Whole-genome sequencing\nand RT-qPCR analysis revealed the involvement of carboxylesterases,\ndioxygenases, and aromatic compound degrading enzymes in the degradation\nof β-CY. In the soil bioaugmentation experiment, the strain\nVF-2 can synergistically interact with indigenous microorganisms,\nsignificantly enhancing the degradation efficiency of β-CY and\nits metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) from 17.08% and 7.62%\nto 73.46% and 62.29%, respectively. This study suggests that strain\nVF-2 is a promising candidate for in situ coremediation of pyrethroid\nand intermediate metabolite residues in soil.