Control Morphology\nand Biological Properties of HKUST‑1\nMOFs Using an Ultrasound-Assisted Approach

The synthesis of bioinspired metal–organic frameworks\n(MOFs)\nperformed in mild conditions with a high quality is greatly demanded.\nMoreover, the influence of the morphology and structure of bio-MOFs\non the cell interaction and toxicity is important to determine. In\nthis work, we developed an ultrasound (US)-assisted synthesis of HKUST-1\nMOFs under mild conditions and investigated the influence of the parameters\nof synthesis on the morphology, structure, and biological properties\nof the developed MOFs. It was found that the US power, reaction time,\ntemperature, and type of solvent composition would affect the morphology,\nsize, and yield of the obtained crystals. Employing the optimal synthetic\nconditions, five types of HKUST-1 MOFs were prepared, achieving highest\nyields (67.8–96.2%) and different morphologies (octahedral,\ndodecahedral, icosahedral). The relationship between the morphological\nfeatures and biological properties of developed bio-MOFs was evaluated\nand discussed. The cellular association and cytotoxicity of MOF@US\nand MOF@US-PARG were studied on various cell cultures, <i>i.e.</i> normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF NF2), chronic myeloid leukemia\n(K562), and mouse melanoma (B16–F10). The experimental results\nshowed that MOF@US-PARG has a higher percentage of association compared\nto MOF@US. It has also been shown that the cytotoxicity depends on\n the concentration and surface modification of the developed MOFs.