CMB Cold Spot and Large-Scale Anomalies - A Pressure-Driven Gravity Interpretation

This thesis explores a compelling alternative explanation for observed anomalies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)—including the enigmatic Cold Spot — through the framework of Pressure-Driven Gravity (PDG). Unlike the standard ΛCDM model, which struggles to account for localised temperature depressions and hemispherical power asymmetries, PDG introduces a relativistic superfluid vacuum in which inhomogeneous pressure gradients and nontrivial early-universe flows naturally generate anisotropies.Using perturbation theory, multipole decompositions and numerical simulations, the model reproduces both the CMB temperature power spectrum and the Cold Spot profile within 1σ of Planck 2018 data. This work includes a relativistic Lagrangian formalism and coupled Boltzmann transport equations specific to PDG and identifies a critical vacuum phase transition that may encode the seeds of late time acceleration and structure formation.By positioning the Cold Spot as a consequence of a rarefaction-induced imprint, the thesis offers a falsifiable, materialist alternative to inflationary fine-tuning and suggests observational signatures to distinguish PDG from inflation based.