Evening chronotype is associated with anthropometric parameters, dietary pattern, and excessive daytime sleepiness during Ramadan fasting: a comparative study between fasting and non-fasting young adults

Chronotype plays a vital role in anthropometry through food intake and eating behavior. However, the relationship between chronotype and anthropometric parameters, dietary intake, and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) during Ramadan fasting remains elusive. This study addressed such association among 414 young adults using a cross-sectional study design. Dietary intake were determined using 2 ×24hh food recall, while EDS was measured using the Excessive Sleepiness Scale. Anthropometric parameters were objectively measured. All variables were compared between the fasting and non-fasting group. Evening chronotype was associated with trend toward higher BMI, visceral fat, body age, carbohydrate, and sodium intake in fasting group, and body fat, arm fat, leg fat percentage, total energy, and macronutrient intake in non-fasting group. Eveningness in both groups was associated with elevated EDS. Our study suggests the importance of chronotype, including dietary management, to prevent the risk of obesity and maintain good physical performance during Ramadan.