Validation of a Behavior-Based Safety Model in Elementary Schools with a Passive Defense Approach

Objective: This study was aimed at validating a behavior-based safety model in elementary schools with a Passive Defense approach. Method: The present research used a descriptive-survey methodology, employing cluster random sampling. A sample of 416 principals and 1,000 teachers was selected from a population of 4,964 individuals – 4,348 teachers and 616 principals. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire, developed following qualitative findings and verified for reliability with a reliability coefficient above 0.7, determined through Cronbach’s alpha using SPSS software for both the behavior-based safety model and its components. The questionnaire’s validity was assessed via exploratory factor analysis, using principal component extraction and Varimax rotation. For assessing the reliability of the quantitative section, test-retest, Cronbach’s alpha, and split-half methods were employed. To calculate test-retest reliability, the scale was administered to 30 normal participants with a two-week interval, and the test-retest reliability coefficients were computed from both administrations. Findings: In all cases, the minimum factor load exceeded 0.4, and the bootstrapping output in the model significance test indicated that the significant values for all paths were greater than 1.96. This finding confirms that the observed variables effectively measured the latent variables. Reliability values for all variables were above 0.7, and divergent validity was supported based on the Fornell-Larcker matrix, as each construct’s correlation with itself was higher than its correlation with other constructs. Thus, all examined indices were validated, indicating that the designed model was acceptably reliable. Conclusion: Focusing specifically on schools – particularly elementary schools due to the students’ unique age and physical characteristics and their relatively large population compared to other educational levels – can be a key objective for Passive Defense efforts aimed at enhancing deterrence, reducing vulnerability, and mitigating harm. The selected indicators and variables in the current research are crucial for identifying and evaluating the study area from a Passive Defense perspective, and they could significantly contribute to the prevention and control of damages and losses.