Ethical issues of the emergence of posthumans and cyborgs

This article examines the ethical issues arising in connection with the emergence of posthumans and cyborgs – creatures that have transformed their nature with the help of technology. The development of biotechnology, nanotechnology and information technology opens up unprecedented opportunities for modifying the human body and consciousness, which poses a number of complex ethical questions.The article analyzes the transformation of the concept of "human" in the era of the posthuman and cyborg. The blurring of the boundaries between man and machine is emphasized, as well as the need to rethink the essence of man in new conditions.Particular attention is paid to the problem of human identity. The influence of technology on self-awareness and identity is examined, as well as the problem of defining "human" in the context of the posthuman future. Various philosophical concepts of identity, such as poststructuralism, phenomenology and existentialism, are analyzed in the context of the emergence of the posthuman and cyborg.The article also considers the problem of social inequality associated with uneven access to human enhancement technologies. The economic and political aspects of this problem are discussed, as well as the ethical principles of resource and technology distribution in the posthuman world.Also, the issue of responsibility for the actions of posthumans and cyborgs is explored. Their moral status, the problem of autonomy and free will in the context of technological improvement of a person, as well as the need to develop legal and social mechanisms for control over their actions are analyzed.