Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical Determination of Norfloxacin Using a Molybdenum (IV) Sulfide/Bismuth Vanadate Heterojunction

Norfloxacin (NFX), an antimicrobial agent effective against a variety of infections including those of the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts, respiratory system, eyes, and skin, was quantified using a photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on a molybdenum disulfide/bismuth vanadate (MoS₂/BiVO₄) heterojunction, which was synthesized through a straightforward two-step hydrothermal method. The resulting PEC sensor demonstrated linear response ranges of 0.01–1 and 1–40 µM, with a remarkably low detection limit of 0.0019 µM Signal-to-Noise ratio = 3 (S/<i>N</i> = 3), and showed excellent stability for NFX detection. The MoS₂/BiVO₄ photoelectrode is thus highlighted as a highly promising tool for PEC analysis.