Additional file 1 of Prenatal maternal stress: triangulating evidence for intrauterine exposure effects on birth and early childhood outcomes across multiple approaches

Additional file 1: sTables 1–6, sFigures 1–7, sMethods 1–2, and sEquation 1. sTable 1: Items included in scales assessing maternal work stress, relationship satisfaction, adverse life events, and child behavioral/emotional problems. sFigure 1: Path diagram illustrating the multilevel structural equation model used in sibling control analyses. sMethods 1: Details of inverse probability weighting for the sibling sub-sample in MoBa analyses. sFigure 2: Mean differences between siblings and singletons in the MoBa sample. sFigure 3: Estimation of sibling inclusion probabilities and weight adjustments in MoBa analysis. sFigure 4: Impact of inverse probability sampling weights on unweighted and weighted comparisons. sMethods 2: Assumptions and explanation of polygenic GxE analyses for inferring causal relationships. sEquation 1: Formal specification of the linear model used in polygenic GxE analyses. sFigure 5: Mendelian randomization (MR) results of maternal exposures on offspring outcomes without genotype adjustments. sFigure 6: Directed acyclic graph (DAG) of relationships tested in intergenerational MR analyses. sTable 2: Demographic characteristics of the study sample, including parental education, income, parity, and child sex. sTable 3: Mean differences in prenatal stress exposure by outcome data availability across waves. sFigure 7: Observational estimates of maternal stressors on offspring outcomes using full and weighted sibling samples. sTable 4: Parameter estimates from observational models evaluating maternal stress on offspring outcomes. sTable 5: Parameter estimates from polygenic GxE interaction models analyzing maternal stress and offspring outcomes. sTable 6: Parameter estimates from negative control models comparing maternal stressors with offspring outcomes.