A Narrative Review on Advances in Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Current Status and Emerging Trends.

Background: The degenerative disease identified as knee osteoarthritis (KOA), otherwise known as gonarthrosis is characterized by significant clinical symptoms, which include pain, functional limitation, joint swelling, as well as a disability that lowers the quality of life. Recent years have seen an increase in the incidence of KOA, making it one of the primary reasons regarding physical disability globally. Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of KOA from the point of view of epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and recent advances in the field. Methods: A literature review was conducted systematically using databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore obtaining a clinical and scientific perspective on KOA. The search strategy involved using keywords such as ‘osteoarthritis’, knee osteoarthritis’, aging’, cartilage’, conservative treatment’, and ‘intra-articular injection’. Articles were selected based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: KOA affects quality of life with pain and limited movement that often causes depression, anxiety, and stress. KOA is prevalent in the elderly population, with risk factors such as obesity, genetics, and joint injury. The pathophysiology of KOA involves cartilage degeneration, associated synovial, and subchondral bone remodelling. Diagnostic advances through imaging and biomarkers have improved early detection. Treatments aimed at reducing pain, improving joint function, and reducing disability, include surgical, physical therapy, weight management, NSAIDs, intra-articular injections, as well as regenerative and biological therapies. Conclusion: To improve patient outcomes, addressing the multifaceted effects of KOA is essential.