CircRNA <i>GRAMD4</i> induces <i>NBR1</i> expression to promote autophagy and immune escape in renal cell carcinoma

The tumor microenvironment (TME) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) frequently exhibits significant immune cell infiltration. However, tumor cells often manage to evade immune surveillance. This study revealed the mechanism by which circular RNA <i>circGRAMD4</i> regulates <i>NBR1</i>. <i>CircGRAMD4</i> is markedly elevated in RCC, and its high levels are correlated with a poor prognosis. Notably, the absence of <i>circGRAMD4</i> has been demonstrated to result in a significant inhibition of renal cancer cell growth. This inhibition has been attributed to an enhanced anti-tumor immunity mediated by CD8⁺ T cells. Mechanistically, <i>circGRAMD4</i> interacts with the RBM4 protein, stabilizing the autophagic cargo receptor <i>NBR1</i> mRNA. This interaction promotes <i>NBR1</i> expression, which in turn leads to the degradation of MHC-I molecules through macroautophagy/autophagy pathways. Consequently, this process affects renal cancer cell antigen presentation, induces CD8⁺ T cell dysfunction, and contributes to tumor immune escape. Moreover, by inhibiting <i>circGRAMD4</i> and using immune checkpoint blockers (ICB), the immunosuppressive TME is altered to prevent tumor immune evasion, ultimately increasing the effectiveness of ICB treatment. The discovery highlights the significant impact of <i>circGRAMD4</i> on RCC immune escape and proposes that blocking <i>circGRAMD4</i> could serve as a promising immunotherapy strategy when combined with ICB to enhance patient outcomes.