Antiviral effect of silver nanoparticles against Influenza A: a systematic review of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies

To systematically review the literature and address the question: “Do silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibit antiviral activity against Influenza A viruses?” A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, and ProQuest to assess the antiviral effects of AgNPs against Influenza A in both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies. AgNPs demonstrated antiviral activity against H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza A strains, with efficacy dependent on nanoparticle concentration, exposure time, and size. The proposed mechanisms include viral disintegration, induction of cellular resistance, and reduction of viral load. AgNPs exhibit antiviral effects against Influenza A in both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Silver nanoparticles are tiny particles of silver, so small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. They can be used to fight bacteria, fungi and viruses. In this study, we looked at whether silver nanoparticles could fight the virus that causes flu, called Influenza A. We found that silver nanoparticles can stop the virus from causing the disease and help to fight the infection. This suggests that silver particles could be used to develop new medicines to help control infections and prevent the spread of influenza.