TGFBR2 as a prognostic marker and therapeutic target in benzo(a)pyrene-associated esophageal cancer: insights from multi-omics analysis

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is an environmental pollutant linked to several cancers, including esophageal cancer (ESCA). Understanding its impact on gene expression and associated molecular pathways in ESCA is crucial for developing targeted therapies. Using the TCGA-ESCA dataset, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to BaP exposure. Enrichment analyses and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction were performed to explore the biological significance of these DEGs. Molecular docking studies assessed the interactions between BaP and core subnetwork genes. Survival analysis and immune cell infiltration analysis were conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of TGFBR2. Chemotherapy drug sensitivity was analyzed based on TGFBR2 expression levels. We identified 5757 DEGs in ESCA, with 33 genes linked to both BaP exposure and ESCA. Enrichment analyses revealed significant pathways, including p53 signaling and apoptosis. Key genes (ACTB, CDKN2A, TGFBR2) were verified for their differential expression. Molecular docking demonstrated strong BaP binding to several core proteins. High TGFBR2 expression correlated with better survival, enhanced immune infiltration, and altered sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents. Our study highlights the molecular mechanisms by which BaP influences ESCA, with TGFBR2 emerging as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target. These insights pave the way for personalized treatments in BaP-induced esophageal carcinogenesis.