Isolation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Anticancer and Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds from Calophyllum inophyllum Leaves.docx

This study aimed to isolate and characterize bioactive compounds from <i>C. inophyllum</i> leaves and evaluate their anticancer and antioxidant potential. Methanol extraction of the leaves yielded a crude extract, which was partitioned into <i>n</i>-hexane, chloroform, and <i>n</i>-butanol fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids, with the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction exhibiting the highest total phenolic (32.5 μg/g GAE) and flavonoid (130.42 μg/g QE) content. Column chromatography and spectroscopic techniques (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HMBC, HSQC) were employed to isolate and characterize two major compounds: friedelin, a triterpenoid from the <i>n</i>-hexane fraction, and quercitrin, a flavonoid glycoside from the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction. The <i>n</i>-hexane fraction demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against human H460 lung cancer cells (IC₅₀ = 16.0 µg/mL), while the <i>n</i>-butanol fraction exhibited potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 13.3 µg/mL) in the DPPH radical scavenging assay. These findings validate the traditional use of <i>C. inophyllum</i> in cancer treatment and highlight its potential as a source of bioactive compounds for drug development, particularly in anticancer and antioxidant therapies.