WHO/ISH total risk approach for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease shows greater decrease in costs for women but not the elderly in Jamaica

<b>Objectives:</b><b> </b>To investigate cost savings from and implications of replacing the single risk with a total cardiovascular risk approach in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<b>Study design and setting:</b><b> </b>A cost analysis using data from the 2007-08 Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey of 1,432 persons aged 40 years and older with 10-year risk estimated from region-specific World Health Organization/International Society for Hypertension (WHO/ISH) CVD risk charts. The WHO/ISH and local treatment guidelines were used to cost lifestyle changes, medications, and provider visits.<b>Results:</b><b> </b>Use of the total cardiovascular risk approach was less costly regardless of age. Women showed greater cost disparity. However, if 10-year CVD risk was estimated without measured cholesterol, both approaches resulted in similar costs in men ≥60 years. The annual per capita cost of lifestyle recommendations, critical in the absence of pharmacotherapy, was estimated at US $869.05 for diet and US $80 for physical activity. This represents about a third of the annual income of a minimum wage earner. At the national level, implementation of the WHO/ISH total risk approach could reduce health care costs by US $5 million annually.<b>Conclusion:</b><b> </b>Cost savings that mainly resulted from reduced care for women may lead to gender disparity in CVD outcomes.<br>