Microplastics in Essential Food Commodities: A Systematic Review of identification, detection, contamination, and Health Implications (2017–2024)

Microplastics (MPs), as emerging contaminants, have garnered significant global attention due to their adverse effects on health, ecosystems, and organisms. One critical concern is the ingestion risk posed by MPs, which can enter the food chain, potentially amplifying exposure and reaching humans as ultimate consumers. It is therefore urgent to address the issue of MP contamination of food commodities, such as meat, sea food, fruits and vegetables, yogurt, oil, milk, salt, and water. However, knowledge regarding MP absorption through regular consumption remains limited. This systematic review is aimed at evaluating the existing literature on MP contamination of food commodities intended for human consumption. The findings revealed that Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is the most predominant technique extensively employed for detecting MPs. The size range of MPs in reported studies was significantly varied across food commodities, typically ranging from as small as 1 µm to largest upper range < 10,000 µm, however the reliable quantification limit for smaller particle (<10–20 µm) was limited by existing analytical techniques. The predominant polymers identified underscore the critical need for regulatory frameworks, including updated safety protocols, legal policies, and standardized guidelines on permissible MP levels in food commodities to safeguard consumer health and ensure adherence to food safety standards.