A multi-sectoral scoping review of co-design theoretical models

Co-design is the involvement of end-users in program, or product development, ensuring that they are suitable for the communities they are intended for. Co-design can be underpinned by theoretical frameworks, or ‘models’. The objective of this scoping review is to map evidence relating to how co-design models have been used, with the guiding questions: ‘What are the co-design models described in the literature?’, ‘How are they implemented?’, and ‘What are their outcomes?’ The JBI methodology for evidence synthesis: Scoping Reviews protocol guided this review. A search of CINAHL, MedLine, SCOPUS, and ERIC databases was conducted, with supplementary searching via the CLUES method. The search strategy yielded 6287 references from databases, and 48 from supplementary searching, with 62 studies included after screening and application of inclusion criteria. Overall, 26 different co-design models were identified. Though co-design models offer a structured approach, their suitability can differ according to the context of application, and may need to be adapted to specific research settings. This review provides guidance for researchers seeking to use a co-design model that will best support their research.