Eocene contractional deformation in the NW corner of the Arabian plate and its relation to Arabia-Eurasia collision in SE Türkiye

Field evidence indicates c. 40 Ma (Early-Middle Eocene) contractional deformation in the S Amanos Mountains. Following latest Cretaceous southward ophiolite emplacement, an intra-platform basin infilled with shallow to deeper marine, dominantly carbonate sediments. Localized thrusting, reverse faulting, and folding were followed by subaerial erosion and non-marine clastic deposition, sealed by an Early Miocene marine transgression. Eocene emergence elsewhere in SE Türkiye probably also resulted from regional crustal shortening. Alternative hypotheses for collision in SE Türkiye propose latest Cretaceous, Mid-Late Eocene, Early Miocene, or Late Miocene suturing of S Neotethys. Much geological evidence in SE Türkiye and NW Iran supports Mid-Late Eocene initial continent-continent collision. Plate reconstructions suggest S Neotethys survived in this region until the Mid-Late Eocene. Biogeographical evidence points to minor Eocene mammal migration across S Neotethys, followed by Early Miocene large-scale terrestrial migrations. Seawater isotopic data suggest a major decrease in inter-Indian Ocean-Mediterranean Sea current flow during the Early Miocene. Instrumental geophysics and both numerical and analogue modelling suggest that the northern Arabian platform underthrust Eurasia (>200 km in S central Iran). In SE Türkiye, Eocene initial ‘soft’ collision was followed by Early Miocene ‘hard collision’, with crustal thickening and exhumation continuing until the Late Miocene, followed by westward ‘tectonic escape’.